Formal and Informal Communication free essay sample

Formal and informal communication structures in the organization In order for order there to be effective communication in the organization there have to be good balance of formal and informal communication in the organization. Informal and formal communications are different in many ways but both exist in organizations. They both have their advantages and disadvantages but as we are about to discuss you will see why the organization cannot function without either one of them. Formal communication occurs when person in the organization communicate using formal channels of the organization structure along the lines of authority established by the management. Matters under this communication are official and to the point. Things are done using pacific procedures and rules which must be followed. Informal communication on the other hand is much less official and rule driven. It is related to the social needs of the employee, does not follow the authoritarian line, employee communicate under more casual situations, usually although not always oral. We will write a custom essay sample on Formal and Informal Communication or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There are many different type and forms of formal and informal communication, let us take a look at a few of them. Departmental meetings, conferences, telephone calls (for business use), company news bulletins, special interviews and special purpose publications are forms of formal communication. The most common form of informal communication is the grapevine. Gossip, rumors and other unofficial information passes through the grapevine and it give the employees a chance to express personal feels like or dislikes in the organization. The structure or the way in which communication flows is also important to the effectiveness communication in the organization. In formal communication there are four main types. These include upward, downward and horizontal. Downwards flow of communication means that the message is being sent from higher levels like managers or supervisors to person in the lower levels like subordinates in the organizational hierarchy. Upward flow of communication is the opposite instead of the message coming from a person in authority it comes from the subordinate and goes to the authority figure and continues up the organizational hierarchy. Horizontal or lateral flow of communication involved the persons who are communicating to be on the same level, whether it be subordinates on the same level or managers on the same level. This is opposite of vertical flow of communication which involves the persons communicating to be on different levels An informal communication structure used relaxed communication channels that are not specifically used for organizational information. The four categories in informal communication structure are scheduled, intended, opportunistic, and spontaneous Communication. Scheduled is when a group of employee plan to have a discussion on an informal level. Intended somewhat like scheduled but less complex. Opportunistic is like when an employee sees someone and remembers to talk to that person on a matter. Spontaneous is when two or more employees meet by chance, starts having a conversation and it develops into deeper discussion. Earlier we mention advantages and disadvantages of formal and informal communications. Although both form of communication have disadvantages if there is a proper balance between the two then each can come support each other for the benefit of the organization. Formal communication is if official and so most likely to be obeyed while informal is questioned. Formal has fewer misunderstandings then informal. The origin of the message is easier to fine in formal communication then in informal communication. Informal encourages more interaction between parties, no so much with formal communications. Informal communication unites workers which promotes cooperation and team work. Whatever disadvantages formal communication may have, informal communication has an advantage to support it. In the same way the disadvantages of informal communication are supports by the advantages of formal communication. In the end it is about having the right amount formal communication together with the right amount of informal communication.

Why Some Red Japanese Maples Have Green Leaves

Why Some Red Japanese Maples Have Green Leaves Japanese maples (Acer palmatum) are a small ornamental tree much prized in the landscape. Several cultivars have been developed based on  native species, and the  ones used in landscaping are  chosen for their distinctive colors- bright green, dark  red, or reddish  purple. Red Trees That Turn Green It can come as something of a shock, then, when a tree we picked because of its color begins to change to another color over time. Japanese maples are one such tree in which this frequently happens. Usually, it is a red or purple cultivar that gradually begins  to transform into a green tree, and this can be disappointing if youve selected the tree specifically because of its color.   The Biology of Color Change in Japanese Maples To understand how a trees color can shift, you need to understand how horticulturists obtain those unusual colors in the first place. All true Japanese maples are variants of the sturdy green  Acer palmatum. If you happen to have one of these pure species types, theres almost no chance that your tree will change colors. To produce tree  cultivars with unusual  colors, horticulturists may begin with the original species root-stock, then graft on branches with different characteristics. (There are other ways in which tree cultivars can be created, but this is a common technique used for Japanese maples.)   Many tree cultivars  originally start as a genetic accident or an aberration that appeared on an otherwise normal tree.  If that aberration  was appealing, horticulturists  may then seek to propagate that mistake and create a whole line of trees that duplicate that unusual characteristic. Many trees with variegated  leaves or unique leaf colors or unusual fruits began their lives as sports, or genetic mistakes that were then deliberately cultivated through different methods, including grafting new branches onto hardy rootstocks. In the case of red or purple Japanese maples, branches from trees with desired colors are grafted onto hardier rootstocks that are more durable in the landscape.   On a  Japanese maple, harsh weather or other factors sometimes kill off the grafted branches, which are usually attached to the rootstock near ground level. When this happens, the new branches that sprout (sucker) up from the ground will have the genetic makeup of the original rootstock- which will be green, rather than red or purple. Or,  its possible that new branches may sucker up from below the graft in addition to the red-leaved branches that are grafted onto the tree. In this case, you may suddenly find yourself with a tree that has both green- and red-leaved branches.   How to Correct or Prevent the Problem You may be able to catch the problem before it becomes severe if you periodically inspect the tree and pinch off any small branches that appear below the graft line on the tree. This may result in a tree thats somewhat asymmetrical for a time, but steady work getting rid of the green branches sprouting from below the graft line will eventually return the tree to its desired color. Japanese maples, though, do not tolerate heavy pruning, and because this is a slow-growing tree, it takes patience over time to allow the tree to form a natural shape.   Should your tree lose all its grafted branches- as sometimes happens when Japanese maples are planted in the northern limits of their hardiness zone range- your tree cannot be returned to its red color. All branches that sucker up from below the graft will be green in color. You can either learn to love the green Japanese maple or replace the tree.